Civil Rights Initiatives in the 20th Century

Civil Rights Initiatives in the 20th Century Despite the fact that USA was an independent state advocating for freedom and equality to all, the Jim Crow Laws that were in practice from 1886 to 1965 proved otherwise (Laderman and Leon, 2003). These laws advocated to racial segregation in the utilization of public facilities between white Americans and African Americans.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Civil Rights Initiatives in the 20th Century specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite the fact that this segregation was supposed to lead to separate but equal utilization of public resources and amenities, the conditions of African Americans kept deteriorating. In addition to this, discriminatory voting practices were put in place that disqualifies most African Americans from exercising their democratic right. All these factors led to development and growth of the civil rights movement in the United States of Americ a. Several civil rights initiatives were developed by African Americans to fight for their rights as humans and as citizens of the United States of America. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is a prime example of a civil rights initiative that was formed during the 20th century. Under the chairmanship of Edgar Nixon and support of influential people like Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King Jr., NCAAP fought for political, social and economic equality for all (Dye, 2010). At the same time, the initiative advocated for the elimination of racial discrimination and racial segregation in the United States. The Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955 was one of the most successful demonstrations that NCAAP organized (Jeffrey, 2009). After refusing to give up her seat on the African American section of the bus, Rosa Parks, an African American woman and a civil rights activist was arrested and charged by the court of law. NCAAP took advantage of this situation to a ir their grievances against the Jim Crow Laws. With the assistance of Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) that was led by Martin Luther King Jr., the bus boycott lasted for 381 days. This move by the African Americans in Alabama led to a decline in business for bus services. Due to its impacts, the Supreme Court repealed the section of the law that supported racial segregation on public transport. The court termed this law as unconstitutional (Shores, 2005). NCAAP, through Martin Luther King Jr. also played a critical role in the organization of the Washington March on 28 August 1963. The peaceful demonstration was successful, attracting over 250,000 people from all over the United States. These people were from different races and backgrounds.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The main aim of the demonstration was to urge the government to increase minimum wage, bring an end to police brutality and to advocate for the rights, freedom, and equality of minority races in the United States (Shores, 2005). It is during this day that Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his famous speech, I Have a Dream. As a result of this demonstration, the Civil Rights Act of 1965 was passed. Consequently, the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was also passed. Initiative Impact on Current and Future Policies NCAAP was found to bring equality not just for African Americans but also to all Americans (Jeffrey, 2009). This came about as a result of the increased oppression on minority ethnic groups in the United States of America, more so, African Americans. However, the Montgomery Bus Boycott brought to an end an era where people were judged by the color of their skin to enjoy public transportation services. At the present moment, residents of the United States of America can board any bus and take any seat in a bus or a taxi. Therefore, all the policies that have been developed and wil l be developed with regards to public transportation have to be equal to all races in the United States. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 brought to an end any form of racial discrimination and racial segregation in the United States. All residents of America therefore had equal rights and equal opportunities. This law has resulted to the increase in education, employments, political participation, and social interaction not just by minority groups but also by all Americans. It is as a result of these laws that any American citizen can get medical care at any hospital, dine at any restaurant, travel using bus, train, or airplane without discrimination. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 gave African Americans, members of other minority groups and poor white Americans the chance to exercise their voting rights. All the qualification, standards, and practices that had been put in place were eliminated with this amendment. As a result, any American citizen who is of age has the right to take pa rt in state and national elections regardless of his/her race, religion or gender. This has paved way for the development of democracy in the United States. Conclusion As a result of the civil rights initiative of NCAAP, every American citizen now has access to public amenities. Despite the fact that elements of racism and discrimination are still in place, there have been tremendous improvement on racial segregation and discrimination on the grounds of race, gender, or religion. Therefore, an average American in the modern world has chance to exercise his rights and freedom to the fullest as compared to an average American during the 20th century. References Dye, T.R. (2010). Understanding Public Policy. New York: Pearson Prentice Hall.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Civil Rights Initiatives in the 20th Century specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Jeffrey, O. (2009). After the Darkest Night Comes the Day: Change. Chicago: AuthorHouse Laderman, G. and Leon, L. (2003). Religion and American Cultures: An Encyclopedia of  Traditions, Diversity, and Popular Expressions. Santa Barbra: ABC-CLIO Shores, E. (2005). Rosa Parks: Civil Rights Pioneer. New York: Capstone Press This essay on Civil Rights Initiatives in the 20th Century was written and submitted by user Aleah H. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

With Positive and Negative Examples Essay Example

With Positive and Negative Examples Essay Example With Positive and Negative Examples Paper With Positive and Negative Examples Paper At ages 4 to 7 Lilly was bullied for having freckles, this affected her badly and she started to not want to go to school, she started to compare herself to other girls and she felt what she said was ‘ugly’. There wasn’t a lot I and her father could say that would make it better because she wanted to hear from other people to assure her that I and her father were not just saying it because we have to, as her parents. Lilly became very introverted through the bullying and when we’d take her shopping she would ask for make up at such a young age, she also tried really hard to impress people with way she dressed. This low esteem stayed with her for a long period of time, it was very worse at the beginning of the bullying and she asked me (her mother), if she could have her freckles removed, as time went by she began to be able to accept that she had freckles and even embrace them as marks of beauty. Positive Affect: At age 16 Lilly got her first proper boyfriend; this dramatically improved her self concept. Lilly’s boyfriend helped her to feel pretty and loved, he told her she was beautiful everyday and it made her feel beautiful. Lilly and her boyfriend were together for a long period of time, in the early days of their relationship she was glowing and always had a smile on her face; she was truly happy. Her self concept had never been better. Because her boyfriend complimented her everyday she believed it and also her and her boyfriend went out everyday and they met both of each others friends and they liked each together friends and she said she felt very lucky because her boyfriend was handsome and his friends and he said that she was pretty and he was lucky to have her visa versa she felt lucky to have him. Her image of herself became better because he said her boyfriend said he liked her without make up and even said he liked the freckles that she was bullied about all those years ago. Negative Affect: At age 20 Lilly got made redundant from her first job. This affected her self concept because she felt she wasn’t good enough for the job and started to feel she wasn’t clever enough; she was ‘dumb’ in her mind. Lilly started to worry about her future because she was in her ‘dream job’ and felt happy so when they fired her she felt that she wasn’t good enough for the job. Lilly went through a lot of training for the job so she felt it was waste and she wouldn’t be good enough for another job in that area of expertise. Lilly was very upset by being made redundant because she thought she was a credit to the company she worked for and that she’d got to know the site manger; so when they fired her she felt conned and that they didn’t think she was good enough. Being fired made her feel she wasn’t good enough and clouded her judgment of what people’s opinions of her were. Positive affect: At age 26 Lilly had an un-planned pregnancy, this surprisingly over- joyed her because she knew she had a better job than when she was younger with a good wage that she could depend on, she owned her own home and had recently married her long term fiance. Lilly knew she could afford to and manage to have a child within her current situation; she was able to work around caring for a child, this would complete her family unit. She glowed during her pregnancy and she said it gave her something new to concentrate on and live for. Lilly’s pregnancy went fine and she felt more beautiful than ever; she embraced the changes that were happening to her. She and her husband both made brilliant parents and managed to take having a baby, in their stride. Negative/Positive Affect: When Lilly’s daughter turned age 5, she and her husband decided to mutually separate. This had an impact on Amelia, seeing her parents separate made her think it was her fault, Lilly felt bad for this and so did her father. It had an impact on them as a family because they had to make arrangements for them to see Amelia in an equal way and something that would not only suit Amelia’s needs but also fit around their work schedules. Although the separation had an impact on their daughter and also their daily life Lilly and her separated husband felt they were better of separated because when they were together they would argue; this was affecting their young daughter. Lilly and her husband both admitted to missing each other and getting lonely; but they both knew it was for the best. After a while they both began to make suitable arrangements that suited the both of them and they managed to stay friends for the sake of their daughter, their selves and their family’s.

Efficiency and Effectiveness in Relation to Pay Systems Essay

Efficiency and Effectiveness in Relation to Pay Systems - Essay Example This essay stresses that a perfect equilibrium is achieved when demand equals supply thus implying that everyone who is willing and able to work is working at that level of pay. If there are more people looking for employment, the pay will go down. This is because employers’ demand more people as wages goes down hence reducing unemployment. Therefore, this theory argues that if the pay is allowed to move up and down, it is an effective signal to the market and it will contribute to economic stability. This paper makes a conclusion that an efficiency wage system gives employers the ability to choose and pick among numerous applicants in order to get the best ones possible. The second factor that prompts managers to adopt efficiency pay system is intention to avoid shirking. Firms may frequently find it difficult to measure the quality and quantity of efforts of a particular worker because the systems of commissions or piece rates may prove impossible and therefore there is a possibility of the employee to do less work than agreed (shirking). As a result, the firm may decide to pay an efficiency wage with an aim of increasing or creating the cost of job loss thereby giving a sting to job firing threat. Threat such as this can be used to avoid moral hazard or shirking. Thirdly, sociological factors have been cited in relation to efficiency wages; these wages may be because of the firm’s traditions. Akerlof and Yellen argue that the firm may have been using this system to enhan ce high morale among employees thus raising productivity.

Why do we look after children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Why do we look after children - Essay Example Through their research they have show that humans, like primates, share many similar patterns and evolutionary traits with respect to parenting as a means to increase survival. Are we really that different? See Figures 2 and 3 in the appendix at the rear of the paper. Geary and Flinn (2001) assert that â€Å"at a social and behavioural level these characteristics function to allow individuals to gain access to and control of the associated resources, such as food, mates, and territory† (pp. 6-7). The main impetus that holds us from achieving this is largely dependent upon the behaviours exhibited by others of the same species. This complex nature which we call social behaviour is nothing more than the evolutionary process we, as humans, have undergone as a means to achieve this. The only difference is the complexity of the social competencies that a species possesses. As an example, both gorillas and chimpanzees social competencies have evolved so that a great portion of their sustainability lies in their ability to protect their young from other males within their respective species Regardless of the complexity of social competences, humans, as with primates, share one common goal and strategy. â€Å"The ultimate function of parental behaviour is, however, the same: to provide a social context that enables the acquisition of sociocompetitive competencies† (Geary and Flinn, 2001, p. 7). As we have evolved we have adapted to this by means of developing social groupings and ties that assist us in ensuring survival through a cooperative effort to gain the needed resources to assure our sustainability. Figure 4 in the appendices displays what Geary and Flinn demonstrate as the unique characteristics of man as we have evolved. In the following pages we will examine the question ‘why we look after children?’ through examination of the various factors, both psychologically and biologically, that have enabled us to survive as a species, perpetuate our

Scepticism around the two articals of Drs Woo Hwang and Shin Moon Essay

Scepticism around the two articals of Drs Woo Hwang and Shin Moon about stem cell - Essay Example This raised further problems concerning human cloning, as the embryos created would contain the same genetic material as the host, creating a clone. As the scientific and ethical debate continued, extensive research was still being made, leading to the breakthrough, and later discredited research of Woo Hwang and Shin Moon. In two papers, entitled "Evidence of a Pluripotent Human Embryonic Stem Cell Line Derived from a Cloned Blastocyst" published in the journal Science on 12 March, 2004 and "Patient-Specific Embryonic Stem Cells Derived from Human SCNT Blastocysts" published in Science on 17 June, 2005, Woo Hwang and Shin Moon as primary researchers claimed that they managed to create human embryonic stem cells from a cloned embryo. ... Theoretically, as the researchers state, the cytoplasm of the oocyte would deactivate certain genes concerned with somatic functions and would activate the embryonic genes located within the nucleus concerned with proliferation and differentiation. They continue to explain one of the basic principles in stem cell research, as the inner cell mass is removed from the blastocyst, forming a specific stem cell line, that will be used either for research to or to treat a wide spectra of diseases like type I diabetes, osteoarthritis, Parkinson's disease, burn injuries as well as a variety of cardiovascular diseases, and possibly most important of all, an effective and safe transplantation and replacement therapy, as rejection would be non-existent by the host who has the same genetic material as the imported cells (Hwang et al, 2004). Before beginning the experiments, the researchers asked and received an approval to perform the experiments by the Institutional Review Board on Human Subject s Research and Ethics Committees from Hanyang University Hospital in Seoul, South Korea. In the experiment, they used metaphase II 242 oocytes taken from consented volunteers, and after the oocyte DNA, the scientists performed a test by imaging the cells after using a fluorescent dye in order to determine that the DNA was removed from the oocytes before performing SCNT. It should also be mentioned that at the time when the experiments were performed, an effective SCNT protocol for use on human oocytes did not exist, so the researchers had to modify several step of the procedure, including reprogramming time, or the amount of time necessary for the

Impact On Fashion Industry Marketing Essay

Impact On Fashion Industry Marketing Essay The increasing variety of choices, cheaper prices, increasing use of social media and increasing level of comfort across all age groups are changing the retail landscape with more and more users going online to purchase products. In line with this trend, Australian online shopping expenditure is predicted to be worth $26.9 billion by 2016, a growth of 14.1% (PwC). Research conducted by PwC indicates that the retail categories that will show the strongest online growth is clothing, foot wear, jewellery and fashion accessories; in short the fashion industry. With 62% of Australians owning a smart phone and 22% owning a tablet pc (PwC), use of advanced mobile devices are growing at a rapid pace. Further, research shows that 73% of smart phone users and 90% of iPhone users use their phones to access the internet (Essential research). This accessibility has given rise to mobile shopping, as research by PwC shows that of all devices used to purchase goods online in Australia, 34% was through mobile phones and 17% was through tablet pcs. Further, the same research indicated that 57% of Australian online shoppers have increased their online spending through mobile shopping in the last 12 months. Retailers are taking note of these trends; online retailers are mushrooming, while the brick and mortar businesses are building more interactive and mobile-optimized web sites, enhancing them with mobile apps, including aspects of social media such as mood boards and fashion diaries, they are trying to cater to the tech savvy customer. This phenomenon along with emerging technologies such as wave and pay has the ability to completely transform the fashion retail industry. This new trend in consumer buying behaviour poses opportunities as well as challenges to marketers to engage in innovative ways with the consumers. This will involve understating consumer needs, and understanding the importance of the rise of advanced mobile devices and its impact on the fashion industry consumers. Description Source Source Justification Impact (Key takeout) David Jones Media release on new strategic direction David Jones Ltd. David Jones is an up-market Australian department store chain founded in 1838. It currently has 37 stores located in most Australian states and territories. Identifying the evolving practises and innovations of companies in response to changing consumer behaviour. The future of retailing an insight into the Australian online shopping market PwC Australia PwC is a global professional services firm. It is the worlds largest professional services firm and the largest of the Big Four accountancy firms measured by 2011 revenues. The factors stimulating growth of Australian online retail, how consumers and technologies are evolving and key considerations for the future. Market Profile Guide for Apparel (Fashion) In Australia New Zealand Trade and Enterprise (NZTE) NZTE is New Zealands economic development and trade promotion agency. It provides a wide range of standard services and sophisticated solutions that assist businesses through every stage of the export process. Key information and statistics on the Australian apparel industry. Research on online retailing in Australia AustraliaInstitue The Australia Institute is an independent public policy think tank based in Canberra. Since its launch in 1994, the Institute has carried out highly influential research on a broad range of economic, social and environmental issues. Key information and statistics on the Australian online retailing. Australian e-commerce Forrester Research and PayPal Forrester Consulting provides independent and objective research-based consulting to help leaders succeed in their organizations. PayPal is a secure payments system that lets people buy online without sharing their personal financial Information. PayPal has operated in Australia for 5 years. The challenges and opportunities facing Australian businesses in the online retail boom. Retail statistics and performance Textile and Clothing sector of Australia Australian Bureau of Statistics (website) A government source which provides accurate and up to date information. A comparison of online and brick and mortar apparel retailing performance The impact of search technologies MckinseyCompany MckinseyCompany is a leading research company with experience in research across many sectors. The primary sources of value from search for online retailers Critically assess one macro environmental change (socio- technological) The popularity of new mobile devices How will it effect consumer behavior mobile shopping, group shopping, customers looking for more interactive and social shopping experience How to respond to it à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Strategic marketing perspective Effects on marketing in the industry Visionary Creative thinking A smart phone is a mobile phone built on a mobile computing software including more advanced computing ability and connectivity than a normal feature phone. Smart phones generally include high resolution touch screens, web browsers and high speed data access via wi-fi and mobile broadband. A tablet pc is a mobile computer, usually having a touch screen. Sales of smart phone devices are huge with 467 million units sold worldwide in 2011. With such popularity of smart phones, the smart phone industry is set to grow at a massive 19% from 2012-2016 (Market research.com).

Custom Essays: Hamlet as an Accessory to Ophelias Suicide

Hamlet as an Accessory to Ophelia's Suicide  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   William Shakespeare's character of Ophelia in Hamlet, suffers greatly, from the time she learns of her father Polonius' death, until her own mysterious death.   In Hamlet, Gertrude, Horatio and Claudius refer to her state, and conclude that she is crazy1[1].   Though there is some truth to their claim, Shakespeare created Ophelia as an overly- dramatic character, who is somewhat exaggerating her emotions to give an impression of madness.   Although their impression of Ophelia can be supported, evidence is not shown as much in her words, as it is shown in her actions.   Ophelia's songs seem like riddles and nonsense2[2], yet they are similar to the patterns of speech by Hamlet, revealing truths and true emotions, and at times sarcasm.  Ã‚   However, Ophelia's whimsical, and child-like behavior is quite different than the prim, reserved Ophelia at the beginning of the play.   Still, this behavior is not consistent with the   sad words in her grief-lad en songs, nor is it consistent with a woman in grief rather Ophelia's physical behavior is the strongest evidence that Ophelia may exhibit signs of madness.   Hamlet's act to convince his insanity to all that knew him influenced Ophelia to perform following Hamlet's lead with   his feigned madness, eventually leading to the girl's suicide, thus implicating Hamlet in her death.    In act four, scene five; Gertrude and Horatio discuss Ophelia's worsening condition directly prior to her entrance.   They attribute the young girls' decline to her concern for her recently dead father.   Ophelia displays signs of being overly sensitive and volatile, which concerns Horatio: "Spurns enviously at straws, speaks things in doubt / That carry but... ...    Notes: 1[1] Hamlet, (4.5.3,5-10). 2[2] Hamlet, (4.5.7) 3[3] Hamlet, (4.5.6-7).   4[4] Neely, Carol Thomas, "Document in Madness", University of Illinois, Shakespeare Criticism Yearbook 1991, Volume 19, pp 333-334. 5[5] Hamlet, (4.5.21).   6[6] Hamlet, (4.5.29-32) 7[7]Hamlet, (2.2.186) 8[8] Turner, John, "Hamlet: The Court in Transition".   University College of Swansea, Shakespearean Criticism, Volume 16, Yearbook 1990, p. 253. 9[9] Neely, p. 333. 10[10] Hamlet, (4.5.47-54) 11[11] Neely, p. 333. 12[12] Hamlet, (4.5.55). 13[13] Neely, p. 333. 14[14] Hamlet, (4.5.159). 15[15] Hamlet, (4.5.176-186) 16[16] Persoon, James. "Shakespeare's Hamlet: the meaning of Ophelia's distribution of herbs and flowers." Explicator, v. 55, Wntr 1997, pp 70-71. 17[17] Persoon, p 71. 18[18]Hamlet, (2.2109)